With the rapid development of microelectronics, communication technology, control technology and semiconductor technology, as well as the continuous improvement of intelligent control requirements in the industrial, medical, and defense sectors, embedded microprocessors are being used more and more widely. In order to meet the needs of various aspects, embedded microprocessors have made rapid progress in terms of computing speed, scalability, system reliability, power consumption and integration. The embedded microprocessor architecture has undergone a process from CISC (Complex In-strucTIon Set Computer) to RISC (Reduced InstrucTIon Set Computer), from 4 bits, 8 bits, 16 bits to 32 bits or even 64 bits, addressing space from 64kB to 16MB Even larger, processing speeds from 0.1 MIPS to 2000 MIPS.

ATmega161 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit MCU based on AVR (Advanced RISC). It has won the favor of many embedded system developers with its powerful functions and high cost performance. Its main features are as follows:

(1) ATmega161 enhanced RISC structure

● Contains a 2-cycle multiplier;

● has 32 8-bit general (working) registers;

● Works at 8MHz with 8MIPS performance;

● has 130 instructions, most of which are single-cycle instructions;

(2) Data and program memory aspects

● Contains 16k non-volatile system programmable FLASH;

● has an internal SRAM of 1k;

● With 512 bytes of nonvolatile in-system programming EEPROM;

● Can perform programmable program encryption.

(3) Peripheral characteristics

● with two programmable full-duplex UARTs;

● with a master / slave SPI serial interface;

● Real-time clock RTC with its own oscillator;

● has 2 8-bit timers/counters;

● 16-bit timer/counter with compare, capture and dual 8/9/10-bit PWM functions with 1 prescalable;

● has a programmable internal watchdog timer;

● On-chip analog comparator can be used as A/D conversion;

● With 35 programmable I/O ports.

(4) Enhanced MCU Features

● Power-on reset and programmable low-voltage detection are available;

● Has 21 internal and external interrupt sources;

● There are three power saving modes: idle, power saving and power down.

(5) Other characteristics

● 40-pin PDIP, 44-pin PLCC and QFP package;

● The working voltage is 4.0 ~ 5.5V.

The traditional measurement and control network has many shortcomings due to the connection of many conventional analog instruments and actuators and other field devices, such as one-to-one structural connection, long engineering cycle, high installation cost and inconvenient maintenance. The analog signal transmission accuracy is low and vulnerable. Interference; the operator can neither adjust parameters nor diagnose faults in the control room, thus causing “out of control” of the operation.

Shown is the schematic diagram of the embedded measurement and control network system designed by the author with ATmega161 as the core. The embedded controller in the figure can communicate with the host computer through the two-stage RS-485 bus, and can also communicate with field devices such as sensors and actuators. The operator can directly control the remote control of the actuator through the keyboard and mouse to realize real-time monitoring. At the same time, the bus-like digital signal communication can overcome many shortcomings of conventional analog signal transmission, and has simple wiring, convenient maintenance and high precision. , anti-interference ability and other advantages.

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